Influence of Different Levels of Load on the Metabolic Profile of Horses – a Review
Keywords:
antioxidants, horse, load, metabolic profile, metabolism, reviewAbstract
Livestock breeding has been carried out for several millennia based on an external assessment, i.e. exterior. Especially in horses that are bred for muscular work, the relationship between the shape of the body structure on the one hand and the purpose of use or performance on the other hand is very clear. At first glance, it is obvious that good horses in pull, jump or racing have different body shapes and not every formation of a body part provides a precondition for maximum performance. This knowledge has been known since the Middle Ages and led to the search for the ideal, the most beautiful or best animal. The performance of a sport and racing horse is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by many external factors. Of these, nutrition, the quality of breeding, the level of zootechnical care and, finally, the quality of the sports rider and coach dominate. An important factor is the process of adaptation to the load. The use of knowledge from the physiology of horse adaptation is the first step to intensify and improve the training process. The correct composition of the degree of load induces a whole complex of positive adaptive changes in trained individuals. Load limits must be set in such a way as to maintain all animal health requirements while achieving a high level of performance.
References
Kováčik, J. et al., Fyziológia živočíchov. Nitra: SPU v Nitre, 46-73.
Soetan, K. et al., The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants: A review, African Journal of Food Science, 2015, 6, 200-222.
Vrzgula, L. et al., Poruchy látkového metabolizmu hospodárskych zvierat a ich prevencia. 2. vyd. Bratislava, Príroda, 1990, 503.
Massányi, P., Stawarz, R., Halo, M., FormickI, G., Lukáč, N., Čupka, P., Schwarcz, P., Kováčik, A., Kováčiková, E., Kováčik, J., Blood concentration of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead in horses and its relation to haematological and biochemical parameters, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 48(8), 973-9.
Poráčová, J. et al., Ekofyziológia živočíchov ančloveka. Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, 2015, 55-65.
Longenbaker, S. N., Mader´s Understanding human anatomy and physiology (7th edn), New York: McGraw-Hill, 370-371.
URL,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079864/#sec1-3title
Kittnar, O., Fyziologické regulace ve schématech. Grada, 2000.
Trojan, S. et al., Lékařská fyziologie. 4. vyd. Praha: Grada Publishing, 2003, pp.772.
Marvan, F. et al., Morfologie hospodárskych zvířat. Praha: Nakladatelství Brázda, 2007, s.r.o: 44.
Béder, I. et al., Výživa a dietetika. Bratislava: UK 2005, 2015
Turner, A. H., Pike, M. J., Francis, M. A., Haematology what does your blood test mean?, 2008.
Harvey, J. W., Veterinary hematology: a diagnostic guide and color atlas. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2012.
Langmaier, M. et al., Slovníček lekářské fyziologie. Galén, spol. s.r.o., 2006.
Theml, H., Diem, H., Haferlach, T., Color Atlas of Hematology, 2004, 2.
Penka, M., Tesařová, E., Hematologie a transfuzní lékařství II. Grada Publishing.
Jelínek, P., Koudela, K. et al.,. Fyziologie hospodářských zvířat. 1. vyd. Brno: Mendelova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita v Brne, 2003, 414.
Kováčik, J. et al., Fyziológia zvierat. Nitra: SPU v Nitre, 2009, 1999, 290.
Schneck, N., Kolb, F., Základy fyziologickej chémie. Bratislava, Príroda, 1991.
Suržin, J., Ledvina, M., Lekárska biochémia. Prešov: M. Vaško, 2002.
Siegenthaler, W., Diferenciální diagnostika vnitřných chorob. Praha, Aventinum, 1995.
Dastych, M., Breinek, P., Klinická biochemie: bakalářský obor Zdravotní laborant., 3 vyd. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2015.
Musil, J., Molekulové základy klinickej biológie. Praha: Grada, 1994.
Zachar, D., Humánna výživa. 1. vyd. Zvolen: TU, 2004.
Sakami, W., Harrington, H., Amino acid metabolism, Animal Review of Biochemistry, 1963, 32(1), 355-368.
Robert, W., SCHRIED, M. D., Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, Circulation: Heart Failure, 2008, 1, 2-5.
Sautin, Y. Y., Johnson, R. J., Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 2008, 6, 608-619.
Chambial, S., Dwivedi, S., Kla, K. K., John, P. J., Sharma, P., Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: an overview, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2013, 28(4), 314-328.
Kuzkaya, N., Weissman, N., Harrison D. G., Dikalov S., Interactions of peroxynitrite with uric acid in the presence of ascorbate and thiols: implications for uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Biochemical Pharmacology, 2005, 70, 343-354.
Muraoka, S., Miura, T., Inhibition by uric acid of free radicals that damage biological molecules, Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2003, 93, 284-289.
Bedard, K., Krause, K. H., The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology, Physiological Reviews, 2007, 87, 245-313.
URL 4: https://adla.sk/images/upload
Chattopadhayay, A, Jafurulla, M., Pucadvil, T. J., Ligand Bidning and G-protein Coupling of the Serotonin Receptor in Cholestero-enriched Hippocampal Membranes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA), 2006, 1663(1-2).
Pecháň, I., Kováč, G., Prehľad biochémie človeka. II Základy meabolických procesov vnľudskom organizme a ich regulácia. Bratislava: SAV, 2003
Michnová, E., Poruchy intermediálneho metabolizmu. In Patologická fyziológia hospodárskych zvierat. Bratislava: Príroda, 1990, 243-265.
Neuzil, J., Stocker, R., Free and albumin-bound bilirubin are efficient co-antioxidants for alpha-tocopherol, inhibiting plasma and low density lipoprotein lipid peroxidation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1994, 269(24), 19712-9.
Alvarez, J. G., Touchstone, J. C., Blasco, L., Storey, B. T., Spontaneois lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity, Journal of Andrology, 1987, 8, 338-348.
Ames, B. N., Cathcart, R., Scwiers, E., Hochstein, P., Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: a hypothesis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1981, 78, 6858-6862.
Walczak-Jedrzejowska, R., Wolski, J. K., Slowikowska-Hilczer, J., The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertility, Central European Journal of Urology, 2013, 66(1), 60-67.
Franczek, M., Kurpisz, M., The redox system in human semen and peroxidative damage of spermatozoa, Postupy Higieny I Medycyny Doświadczalnej (Online), 2005, 59, 523-534.
Foresta, C., Flohe, C., Garolla, A., Roveri, A., URSINI, F., Maiorino, M., Male fertility is linked to selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, Biology of Reproduction, 2002, 67, 967-971.
Bevan, R. J., Durand, M. F., Hickenbotham, P. T., Kitas, G. D., PATEL, P. R., Podmore, I. D., Griffiths, H. R., Waller, H. L., Lunec, J., Validation of a novel ELISA for measurement of MDA-LDL in human plasma, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 2003, 35, 517-27.
