Nutritional Management of Heat-Stressed Pregnant Dairy Cows
Keywords:
chromium, dry period, heat stress, mitigation, nutrition, protected fatAbstract
Rising global temperatures present an increasing challenge to dairy production, with heat stress during the dry period posing significant risks to cow health and subsequent lactation performance. While the impacts of heat stress on lactating cows are well documented, comparatively less attention has been given to pregnant, non-lactating animals. Evidence suggests that heat stress during late gestation can disrupt endocrine function, impair energy balance, and promote systemic inflammation, thereby affecting the transition period, early lactation performance, and overall productivity. The aim of this review is to synthesise and critically evaluate current knowledge on the physiological and metabolic responses of pregnant dairy cows to heat stress during the dry period, with particular emphasis on placental function, fetal development, and maternal metabolic adaptation. Special attention is given to nutritional strategies that may mitigate these effects, including the use of rumen-protected fats, antioxidants, and essential trace minerals such as chromium, as well as dietary formulation and feeding management. These interventions may improve thermoregulation, reduce inflammatory responses, and support metabolic resilience in heat-stressed cows. A better understanding of effective nutritional and management strategies during the dry period is essential for safeguarding cow welfare, improving productive longevity, and supporting sustainable dairy production under increasingly warm climatic conditions.
References
Gauly, M.; Bollwein, H.; Breves, G.; Brügemann, K.; Dänicke, S.; Daş, G.; Demeler, J.; Hansen, H.; Isselstein, J.; König, S. Future Consequences and Challenges for Dairy Cow Production Systems Arising from Climate Change in Central Europe–a Review. Animal 2013, 7, 843–859.
Lee, H.; Calvin, K.; Dasgupta, D.; Krinner, G.; Mukherji, A.; Thorne, P.; Trisos, C.; Romero, J.; Aldunce, P.; Barret, K. IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. Contribution of Working Groups, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, h. Lee and j. Romero (Eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 2023.
Zimbelman, R. B.; Rhoads, R. P.; Rhoads, M. L.; Duff, G. C.; Baumgard, L. H.; Collier, R. A Re-Evaluation of the Impact of Temperature Humidity Index (THI) and Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) on Milk Production in High Producing Dairy Cows. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the Southwest Nutrition Conference; USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES, 2009; pp. 158–169.
Kadzere, C. T.; Murphy, M. R.; Silanikove, N.; Maltz, E. Heat Stress in Lactating Dairy Cows: A Review. Livest Prod Sci 2002, 77, 59–91.
West, J. W. Effects of Heat-Stress on Production in Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2003, 86, 2131–2144.
Collier, R. J.; Baumgard, L. H.; Zimbelman, R. B.; Xiao, Y. Heat Stress: Physiology of Acclimation and Adaptation. Animal Frontiers 2019, 9, 12–19.
Tao, S.; Dahl, G. E. Invited Review: Heat Stress Effects during Late Gestation on Dry Cows and Their Calves. J Dairy Sci 2013, 96, 4079–4093.
Ouellet, V.; Toledo, I. M.; Dado-Senn, B.; Dahl, G. E.; Laporta, J. Critical Temperature-Humidity Index Thresholds for Dry Cows in a Subtropical Climate. Frontiers in Animal Science 2021, 2, 706636.
Wheelock, J. B.; Rhoads, R. P.; VanBaale, M. J.; Sanders, S. R.; Baumgard, L. H. Effects of Heat Stress on Energetic Metabolism in Lactating Holstein Cows. J Dairy Sci 2010, 93, 644–655.
Soriani, N.; Panella, G.; Calamari, L. Rumination Time during the Summer Season and Its Relationships with Metabolic Conditions and Milk Production. J Dairy Sci 2013, 96, 5082–5094.
Nordlund, K. V; Strassburg, P.; Bennett, T. B.; Oetzel, G. R.; Cook, N. B. Thermodynamics of Standing and Lying Behavior in Lactating Dairy Cows in Freestall and Parlor Holding Pens during Conditions of Heat Stress. J Dairy Sci 2019, 102, 6495–6507.
Barker, D. J. In Utero Programming of Chronic Disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998, 95, 115–128.
Baccouri, W.; Mikó, E.; Komlósi, I. Heat Stress of Cattle from Embryonic Phase until Culling. ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS/AGRÁRTUDOMÁNYI KÖZLEMÉNYEK 2023, 2023, 11–22.
Guilbault, L. A.; Thatcher, W. W.; Collier, R. J.; Wilcox, C. J. Periparturient Endocrine Changes of Conceptus and Maternal Units in Holstein Heifers Bearing Genetically Different Conceptuses. J Anim Sci 1985, 61, 1505–1516.
Van Wettere, W. H. E. J.; Kind, K. L.; Gatford, K. L.; Swinbourne, A. M.; Leu, S. T.; Hayman, P. T.; Kelly, J. M.; Weaver, A. C.; Kleemann, D. O.; Walker, S.K. Review of the Impact of Heat Stress on Reproductive Performance of Sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021, 12, 26.
Ouellet, V.; Laporta, J.; Dahl, G. E. Late Gestation Heat Stress in Dairy Cows: Effects on Dam and Daughter. Theriogenology 2020, 150, 471–479.
Bell, G. A Comparative Method. Am Nat 1989, 133, 553–571.
Early, R. J.; McBride, B. W.; Vatnick, I.; Bell, A. W. Chronic Heat Stress and Prenatal Development in Sheep: II. Placental Cellularity and Metabolism. J Anim Sci 1991, 69, 3610–3616.
Silva, D. F.; Simonovic, S. P.; Schardong, A.; Goldenfum, J. A. Assessment of Non-Stationary IDF Curves under a Changing Climate: Case Study of Different Climatic Zones in Canada. J Hydrol Reg Stud 2021, 36, 100870.
Galan, J. M.; Peter, M. Ubiquitin-Dependent Degradation of Multiple F-Box Proteins by an Autocatalytic Mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999, 96, 9124–9129.
Ward, J. W.; Wooding, F. B. P.; Fowden, A. L. The Effects of Cortisol on the Binucleate Cell Population in the Ovine Placenta during Late Gestation. Placenta 2002, 23, 451–458.
Dwyer, C. M.; Calvert, S. K.; Farish, M.; Donbavand, J.; Pickup, H. E. Breed, Litter and Parity Effects on Placental Weight and Placentome Number, and Consequences for the Neonatal Behaviour of the Lamb. Theriogenology 2005, 63, 1092–1110.
Konyalı, A.; Tölü, C.; Daş, G.; Savaş, T. Factors Affecting Placental Traits and Relationships of Placental Traits with Neonatal Behaviour in Goat. Anim Reprod Sci 2007, 97, 394–401.
Ocak, S.; Ogun, S.; Gunduz, Z.; Onder, H. Goat Placental Efficiency Determination by Comparing Litter Weight to the Surface Area of the Cotyledons. Animal Reproduction (AR) 2018, 12, 920–926.
Sakatani, M.; Yamanaka, K.; Kobayashi, S.; Takahashi, M. Heat Shock-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Induce Embryonic Mortality in in Vitro Early Stage Bovine Embryos. Journal of Reproduction and Development 2008, 54, 496–501.
Baccouri, W.; Wanjala, G.; Tóth, V.; Komlósi, I.; Mikó, E. The Effect of Heat Stress During the Insemination Period on the Conception Outcomes of Dairy Cows. Animals 2025, 15, 2001.
Putney, D. J.; Drost, M.; Thatcher, W. W. Influence of Summer Heat Stress on Pregnancy Rates of Lactating Dairy Cattle Following Embryo Transfer or Artificial Insemination. Theriogenology 1989, 31, 765–778.
Ortega, M. S.; Denicol, A. C.; Cole, J. B.; Null, D. J.; Hansen, P. J. Use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Candidate Genes Associated with Daughter Pregnancy Rate for Prediction of Genetic Merit for Reproduction in Holstein Cows. Anim Genet 2016, 47, 288–297.
Kamano, S.; Ikeda, S.; Sugimoto, M.; Kume, S. The Effects of Calcitonin on the Development of and Ca2+ Levels in Heat-Shocked Bovine Preimplantation Embryos in Vitro. Journal of Reproduction and Development 2014, 60, 317–323.
Paula-Lopes, F. F.; Hansen, P. J. Heat Shock-Induced Apoptosis in Preimplantation Bovine Embryos Is a Developmentally Regulated Phenomenon. Biol Reprod 2002, 66, 1169–1177.
de Barros, F. R. O.; Paula‐Lopes, F. F. Cellular and Epigenetic Changes Induced by Heat Stress in Bovine Preimplantation Embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2018, 85, 810–820.
Oswald, J.; Engemann, S.; Lane, N.; Mayer, W.; Olek, A.; Fundele, R.; Dean, W.; Reik, W.; Walter, J. Active Demethylation of the Paternal Genome in the Mouse Zygote. Current Biology 2000, 10, 475–478.
Sakatani, M.; Bonilla, L.; Dobbs, K. B.; Block, J.; Ozawa, M.; Shanker, S.; Yao, J.; Hansen, P.J. Changes in the Transcriptome of Morula-Stage Bovine Embryos Caused by Heat Shock: Relationship to Developmental Acquisition of Thermotolerance. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2013, 11, 3.
Rhoads, M. L. Effects of Periconceptional Heat Stress on Primiparous and Multiparous Daughters of Holstein Dairy Cows. Theriogenology 2020, 150, 458–463.
Kasiteropoulou, D.; Topalidou, A.; Downe, S. A Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Maternal-Fetal Heat Exchange and Blood Flow in the Umbilical Cord. PLoS One 2020, 15, e0231997.
Casarotto, L. T.; Jones, H. N.; Chavatte-Palmer, P.; Dahl, G. E. Placental Physiology and Fetal Programming in Ruminants under Heat Stress. Biol Reprod 2025, ioaf047.
Ouellet, V.; Boucher, A.; Dahl, G. E.; Laporta, J. Consequences of Maternal Heat Stress at Different Stages of Embryonic and Fetal Development on Dairy Cows’ Progeny. Animal Frontiers 2021, 11, 48–56, doi:10.1093/af/vfab059.
Collier, R. J.; Doelger, S. G.; Head, H. H.; Thatcher, W. W.; Wilcox, C. J. Effects of Heat Stress during Pregnancy on Maternal Hormone Concentrations, Calf Birth Weight and Postpartum Milk Yield of Holstein Cows. J Anim Sci 1982, 54, 309–319.
Thompson, I. M.; Tao, S.; Branen, J.; Ealy, A. D.; Dahl, G. E. Environmental Regulation of Pregnancy-Specific Protein B Concentrations during Late Pregnancy in Dairy Cattle. J Anim Sci 2013, 91, 168–173.
Zhao, W.; Liu, F.; Marth, C. D.; Green, M. P.; Le, H. H.; Leury, B. J.; Bell, A. W.; Dunshea, F. R.; Cottrell, J. J. Maternal Heat Stress Alters Expression of Genes Associated with Nutrient Transport Activity and Metabolism in Female Placentae from Mid-Gestating Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2021, 22, 4147.
De Vrijer, B.; Davidsen, M. L.; Wilkening, R. B.; Anthony, R. V; Regnault, T. R. H. Altered Placental and Fetal Expression of IGFs and IGF-Binding Proteins Associated with Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Fetal Sheep during Early and Mid-Pregnancy. Pediatr Res 2006, 60, 507–512.
Potadle, G. M.; Tyler, H. Effects of Late Gestational Heat Stress on Placental Morphology and Calf Growth in Dairy Calves, United States Iowa, 2025.
Casarotto, L. T.; Jones, H. N.; Chavatte-Palmer, P.; Laporta, J.; Peñagaricano, F.; Ouellet, V.; Bromfield, J.; Dahl, G.E. Late-Gestation Heat Stress Alters Placental Structure and Function in Multiparous Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2025, 108, 1125–1137.
Burton, G. J.; Sebire, N. J.; Myatt, L.; Tannetta, D.; Wang, Y. L.; Sadovsky, Y.; Staff, A.C.; Redman, C. W. Optimising Sample Collection for Placental Research. Placenta 2014, 35, 9–22.
Ji, Y.; Wu, Z.; Dai, Z.; Wang, X.; Li, J.; Wang, B.; Wu, G. Fetal and Neonatal Programming of Postnatal Growth and Feed Efficiency in Swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017, 8, 42.
Bach, A. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Optimizing Performance of the Offspring: Nourishing and Managing the Dam and Postnatal Calf for Optimal Lactation, Reproduction, and Immunity. J Anim Sci 2012, 90, 1835–1845.
Pascottini, O. B.; Leroy, J. L. M. R.; Opsomer, G. Metabolic Stress in the Transition Period of Dairy Cows: Focusing on the Prepartum Period. Animals 2020, 10, 1419.
Sordillo, L. M.; Aitken, S. L. Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Health and Immune Function of Dairy Cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009, 128, 104–109.
Janovick, N. A.; Dann, H. M.; Loor, J. J.; Drackley, J. K. Prepartum Dietary Energy Intake Alters Hepatic Expression of Genes Related to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor and Inflammation in Peripartal Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2022, 105, 8069–8086.
Dado, R. G.; Allen, M. S. Variation in and Relationships among Feeding, Chewing, and Drinking Variables for Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 1994, 77, 132–144.
Sastry, N. S. R.; Tripathi, V. N. Modern Management Innovations for Optimising Buffalo Production. 1988.
Hall, L. W.; Dunshea, F. R.; Allen, J. D.; Rungruang, S.; Collier, J. L.; Long, N. M.; Collier, R. J. Evaluation of Dietary Betaine in Lactating Holstein Cows Subjected to Heat Stress. J Dairy Sci 2016, 99, 9745–9753.
Nejad, J. G.; Lohakare, J. D.; West, J. W.; Sung, K.I. Effects of Water Restriction after Feeding during Heat Stress on Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Blood Profile and Characteristics in Corriedale Ewes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014, 193, 1–8.
Conte, G.; Ciampolini, R.; Cassandro, M.; Lasagna, E.; Calamari, L.; Bernabucci, U.; Abeni, F. Feeding and Nutrition Management of Heat-Stressed Dairy Ruminants. Ital J Anim Sci 2018, 17, 604–620.
Miron, J.; Adin, G.; Solomon, R.; Nikbachat, M.; Zenou, A.; Shamay, A.; Brosh, A.; Mabjeesh, S.Y. Heat Production and Retained Energy in Lactating Cows Held under Hot Summer Conditions with Evaporative Cooling and Fed Two Rations Differing in Roughage Content and in Vitro Digestibility. Animal 2008, 2, 843–848.
Adin, G.; Gelman, A.; Solomon, R.; Flamenbaum, I.; Nikbachat, M.; Yosef, E.; Zenou, A.; Shamay, A.; Feuermann, Y.; Mabjeesh, S.J. Effects of Cooling Dry Cows under Heat Load Conditions on Mammary Gland Enzymatic Activity, Intake of Food and Water, and Performance during the Dry Period and after Parturition. Livest Sci 2009, 124, 189–195.
Sanchez, W. K.; McGuire, M. A.; Beede, D. K. Macromineral Nutrition by Heat Stress Interactions in Dairy Cattle: Review and Original Research. J Dairy Sci 1994, 77, 2051–2079.
Melo, R. P.; Castro, L. P.; Cardoso, F. F.; Barbosa, E. F.; Melo, L. Q.; Silva, R. B.; Pereira, R. A. N.; Pereira, M. N. Supplementation of Palm Oil to Lactating Dairy Cows Fed a High Fat Diet during Summer. J Anim Sci 2016, 94, 640–641.
Mane, S. H.; Mandakmale, S. D.; Nimbalkar, C. A.; Kankhare, D. H.; Lokhande, A.T. Economics of Feeding Protected Protein and Protected Fat on Crossbred Cattle. Indian J Anim Res 2017, 51, 1080–1085.
Shelke, S. K.; Thakur, S. S.; Amrutkar, S. A. Effect of Feeding Protected Fat and Proteins on Milk Production, Composition and Nutrient Utilization in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus Bubalis). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012, 171, 98–107.
Tyagi, N.; Thakur, S. S.; Shelke, S. K. Effect of Feeding Bypass Fat Supplement on Milk Yield, Its Composition and Nutrient Utilization in Crossbred Cows. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 2009, 26, 1–8.
Singh, M.; Roy, A. K.; Sharma, S. Augmentation of Milk Production by Supplementing Bypass Fat in Dairy Animals. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv 2015, 10, 476–488.
Schauff, D. J.; Clark, J. H. Effects of Prilled Fatty Acids and Calcium Salts of Fatty Acids on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibilities, Milk Production, and Milk Composition. J Dairy Sci 1989, 72, 917–927.
Gnanasekar, R.; Singh, M.; Roy, A. K.; Ajithakumar, H. M.; Thakur, S. Plasma Hormones, Lipid Profile and Productive Performance during Early Lactation in Crossbred Cows Supplemented with Prilled Fat. Indian J Anim Nutr 2016, 33, 399–403.
Sharma, S.; Singh, M.; Roy, A. K.; Thakur, S. Effect of Pre-Partum Prilled Fat Supplementation on Feed Intake, Energy Balance and Milk Production in Murrah Buffaloes. Vet World 2016, 9, 256.
Somagond, Y. M.; Singh, S. V; Deshpande, A.; Sheoran, P.; Chahal, V. P. Physiological Responses, Energy Metabolites and Prolactin Levels of Buffaloes Supplemented with Dietary Astaxanthin, Prill Fat and Their Combination during Heat Stress. Indian J Anim Sci 2020, 90, 55–60.
Huber, J. T.; Higginbotham, G.; Gomez-Alarcon, R. A.; Taylor, R. B.; Chen, K. H.; Chan, S. C.; Wu, Z. Heat Stress Interactions with Protein Supplemental Fat, and Fungal Cultures. J Dairy Sci 1994, 77, 2080–2090.
Arieli, A.; Adin, G.; Bruckental, I. The Effect of Protein Intake on Performance of Cows in Hot Environmental Temperatures. J Dairy Sci 2004, 87, 620–629.
Linn, J. G. Nutritional Management of Lactating Dairy Cows during Periods of Heat Stress. University of Minnesota 1997.
Han, Z. Y. The Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine on Production Performance of Dairy Cows, Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Related Gene under Heat Stress. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition 2009, 21, 665–672.
Lakhani, N.; Tyagi, N.; Agarwal, A.; Kumar, S.; Tyagi, A. Optimizing Fiber and Protein Levels in Diet of Lactating Murrah Buffaloes to Ameliorate Heat Stress: Effect on Physiological Status and Production Performance. J Therm Biol 2021, 96, 102838.
McDowell, L.R. Vitamins in Animal Nutrition: Comparative Aspects to Human Nutrition; Elsevier, 2012; ISBN 0323139043.
Padilla, L.; Matsui, T.; Kamiya, Y.; Kamiya, M.; Tanaka, M.; Yano, H. Heat Stress Decreases Plasma Vitamin C Concentration in Lactating Cows. Livest Sci 2006, 101, 300–304.
Kumar, B. V; Singh, G.; Meur, S. K. Effects of Addition of Electrolyte and Ascorbic Acid in Feed during Heat Stress in Buffaloes. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2010, 23, 880–888.
Ganaie, A. H.; Hooda, O. K.; Singh, S. V; Upadhyay, R. C. Responses of Vitamin C Supplementation on Biochemical, Hormonal and Physiological Parameters of Pregnant Murrah Buffaloes during Hot-Humid Conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 2012, 29, 214–221.
Guo, W. J.; Zhen, L.; Zhang, J. X.; Lian, S.; Si, H. F.; Guo, J. R.; Yang, H. M. Effect of Feeding Rumen-Protected Capsule Containing Niacin, K2SO4, Vitamin C, and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid on Heat Stress and Performance of Dairy Cows. J Therm Biol 2017, 69, 249–253.
Seyrek, K.; Kiral, F. K.; Bildik, A. Chronic Ethanol Induced Oxidative Alterations in the Rat Tissues and Protective Effect of Vitamin E. 2004.
Castillo, C.; Pereira, V.; Abuelo, Á.; Hernández, J. Effect of Supplementation with Antioxidants on the Quality of Bovine Milk and Meat Production. The Scientific World Journal 2013, 2013, 616098.
Gille, A.; Bodor, E. T.; Ahmed, K.; Offermanns, S. Nicotinic Acid: Pharmacological Effects and Mechanisms of Action. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008, 48, 79–106.
Di Costanzo, A.; Spain, J. N.; Spiers, D. E. Supplementation of Nicotinic Acid for Lactating Holstein Cows under Heat Stress Conditions. J Dairy Sci 1997, 80, 1200–1206.
Yuan, K.; Shaver, R. D.; Espineira, M.; Bertics, S. J. Effect of a Rumen-Protected Niacin Product on Lactation Performance by Dairy Cows during Summer in Wisconsin. Prof Anim Sci 2011, 27, 190–194.
Zimbelman, R. B.; Collier, R. J.; Bilby, T. R. Effects of Utilizing Rumen Protected Niacin on Core Body Temperature as Well as Milk Production and Composition in Lactating Dairy Cows during Heat Stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013, 180, 26–33.
Takkar, P.N. Zinc in Human and Animal Health. 2011.
Picco, S. J.; Abba, M. C.; Mattioli, G. A.; Fazzio, L. E.; Rosa, D.; De Luca, J. C.; Dulout, F. N. Association between Copper Deficiency and DNA Damage in Cattle. Mutagenesis 2004, 19, 453–456.
Sheikh, A. A.; Aggarwal, A.; Aarif, O. Inorganic Zinc Supplementation Modulates Heat Shock and Immune Response in Heat Stressed Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Periparturient Dairy Cows. Theriogenology 2017, 95, 75–82.
Patel, B.; Kumar, N.; Jain, V.; Ajithakumar, H.M.; Kumar, S.; Raheja, N.; Lathwal, S.S.; Datt, C.; Singh, S. V Zinc Supplementation Improves Reproductive Performance of Karan-Fries Cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction 2017, 38, 20–22.
Patel, B.; Kumar, N.; Jain, V.; Raheja, N.; Yadav, S.K.; Kumar, N.; Lathwal, S.S.; Singh, S. V Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Hormonal and Lipid Peroxidation Status of Peri-Parturient Karan Fries Cows during Heat Stress Condition. Indian J Anim Res 2018, 52, 513–517.
Chauhan, S. S.; Celi, P.; Ponnampalam, E. N.; Leury, B. J.; Liu, F.; Dunshea, F. R. Antioxidant Dynamics in the Live Animal and Implications for Ruminant Health and Product (Meat/Milk) Quality: Role of Vitamin E and Selenium. Anim Prod Sci 2014, 54, 1525–1536.
Thatcher, W. W. Selenium Source May Aid Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows. Feedstuffs 2006, 78, 14–15.
Calamari, L.; Petrera, F.; Abeni, F.; Bertin, G. Metabolic and Hematological Profiles in Heat Stressed Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Diets Supplemented with Different Selenium Sources and Doses. Livest Sci 2011, 142, 128–137.
Chauhan, S. S.; Ponnampalam, E. N.; Celi, P.; Hopkins, D. L.; Leury, B. J.; Dunshea, F. R. High Dietary Vitamin E and Selenium Improves Feed Intake and Weight Gain of Finisher Lambs and Maintains Redox Homeostasis under Hot Conditions. Small Ruminant Research 2016, 137, 17–23.
Dunshea, F. R.; DiGiacomo, K.; Leury, B. J. Possible Metabolic Causes of Heat Shortening in Cattle and Potential Strategies Based on These Mechanisms. Report A. MQT 2008, 29.
Spears, J. W.; Whisnant, C. S.; Huntington, G. B.; Lloyd, K. E.; Fry, R. S.; Krafka, K.; Lamptey, A.; Hyda, J. Chromium Propionate Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Growing Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2012, 95, 2037–2045.
Spears, J. W.; Weiss, W. P. Role of Antioxidants and Trace Elements in Health and Immunity of Transition Dairy Cows. The Veterinary Journal 2008, 176, 70–76.
Mirzaei, M.; Ghorbani, G. R.; Khorvash, M.; Rahmani, H. R.; Nikkhah, A. Chromium Improves Production and Alters Metabolism of Early Lactation Cows in Summer. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011, 95, 81–89.
Singh, S.; Singh, S. V; RENUKA, R.; Kumar, Y.; Kumar, A.; Baliyan, B.; Kundu, S. S. Amelioration of Adverse Effects of Heat Stress Using Custom Design Shelter System and Supplementing Chromium Propionate to Growing Karan Fries Calves during Summer. Indian J Anim Sci 2017, 87, 885–890.
Ribeiro, L. dos S.; Brandão, F. Z.; Carvalheira, L. de R.; Goes, T. J. de F.; Torres Filho, R. de A.; Quintão, C. C. R.; Pires, M. de F.Á.; Camargo, L. S. de A.; de Carvalho, B. C. Chromium Supplementation Improves Glucose Metabolism and Vaginal Temperature Regulation in Girolando Cows under Heat Stress Conditions in a Climatic Chamber. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020, 52, 1661–1668.
Alhussien, M. N.; Tiwari, S.; Panda, B. S. K.; Pandey, Y.; Lathwal, S. S.; Dang, A. K. Supplementation of Antioxidant Micronutrients Reduces Stress and Improves Immune Function/Response in Periparturient Dairy Cows and Their Calves. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2021, 65, 126718.
Singh, H. P.; Jain, R. K.; Tiwari, D.; Mehta, M. K.; Mudgal, V. Strategic Supplementation of Antioxidant Micronutrients in Peri-Parturient Murrah Buffaloes Helps Augment the Udder Health and Milk Production. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021, 199, 2182–2190.
Park, J. S.; Chyun, J. H.; Kim, Y. K.; Line, L. L.; Chew, B. P. Astaxanthin Decreased Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Enhanced Immune Response in Humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010, 7, 18.
Takimoto, T.; Takahashi, K.; Akiba, Y. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Astaxanthin by Phaffia Rhodozyma on Lipid Peroxidation, Drug Metabolism and Some Immunological Variables in Male Broiler Chicks Fed on Diets with or without Oxidised Fat. Br Poult Sci 2007, 48, 90–97.
Singh, S. V; Somagond, Y. M.; Deshpande, A. Astaxanthin €“ King of Antioxidants as Immune Modulator and Anti-Inflammatory for Enhancing Productive Performance and Health of Animals. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 74.
Macedo, R. C.; Bolin, A. P.; Marin, D. P.; Otton, R. Astaxanthin Addition Improves Human Neutrophils Function: In Vitro Study. Eur J Nutr 2010, 49, 447–457.
Priyadarshini, L.; Aggarwal, A. Astaxanthin Inhibits Cytokines Production and Inflammatory Gene Expression by Suppressing IκB Kinase-Dependent Nuclear Factor ΚB Activation in Pre and Postpartum Murrah Buffaloes during Different Seasons. Vet World 2018, 11, 782.
Kumar, S.; Singh, S. V Inhibition of NF-ΚB Signaling Pathway by Astaxanthin Supplementation for Prevention of Heat Stress–Induced Inflammatory Changes and Apoptosis in Karan Fries Heifers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019, 51, 1125–1134.
Katsoulos, P. D.; Zarogiannis, S.; Roubies, N.; Christodoulopoulos, G. Effect of Long-Term Dietary Supplementation with Clinoptilolite on Performance and Selected Serum Biochemical Values in Dairy Goats. Am J Vet Res 2009, 70, 346–352.
Alic Ural, D. Efficacy of Clinoptilolite Supplementation on Milk Yield and Somatic Cell Count. Rev MVZ Cordoba 2014, 19, 4242–4248.
Kumar, S.; Singh, S. V; Bhan, S. C. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Astaxanthin (Potent Antioxidant) on Growth Rate, DMI, FCR and Metabolic Changes in Karan Fries Heifers during Heat Stress. Journal of Agrometeorology 2019, 21, 80–88.
Lever, M.; Slow, S. The Clinical Significance of Betaine, an Osmolyte with a Key Role in Methyl Group Metabolism. Clin Biochem 2010, 43, 732–744.
Cronjé, P. B. Heat Stress in Livestock: The Role of the Gut in Its Aetiology and Apotential Role for Betaine in Its Alleviation. 2005.
Raheja, N.; Kumar, N.; Patel, B.; Lathwal, S. S. Effect of Dietary Betaine on Reproductive Performance of Karan Fries Cows during Hot Humid Season. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci 2018, 7, 1451–1460.
Raheja, N.; Kumar, N.; Patel, B.; Lathwal, S. S. Effect of Dietary Betaine on Reproductive Performance of Karan Fries Cows during Hot Humid Season. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci 2018, 7, 1451–1460.
Dunshea, F. R.; Oluboyede, K.; DiGiacomo, K.; Leury, B. J.; Cottrell, J. J. Betaine Improves Milk Yield in Grazing Dairy Cows Supplemented with Concentrates at High Temperatures. Animals 2019, 9, 57.
Shah, A. M.; Ma, J.; Wang, Z.; Zou, H.; Hu, R.; Peng, Q. Betaine Supplementation Improves the Production Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Antioxidant Profile of Dairy Cows in Heat Stress. Animals 2020, 10, 634.
Deshpande, A.; Singh, S. V; Somagond, Y. M.; Sheoran, P.; Naskar, S.; Chahal, V. P. Physio-Biochemical Responses and Growth Performance of Buffalo Heifers to Betaine Supplementation during Hot Humid Season under Field Conditions. Indian J. Anim. Sci 2020, 90, 416–423.
Shankhpal, S.; Waghela, C.; Sherasia, P.; Srivastava, A.; Sridhar, V. Effect of Feeding Betaine Hydrochloride and Bypass Fat Supplement on Feed Intake, Milk Yield and Physiological Parameters in Lactating Buffaloes during Heat Stress. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 72.
Tan, D. Melatonin: A Potent, Endogenous Hydroxyl Radical Scavenger. Endocrine j 1993, 1, 57.
Gitto, E.; Tan, D.; Reiter, R. J.; Karbownik, M.; Manchester, L.C.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Fulia, F.; Barberi, I. Individual and Synergistic Antioxidative Actions of Melatonin: Studies with Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Glutathione and Desferrrioxamine (Desferoxamine) in Rat Liver Homogenates. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2001, 53, 1393–1401.
Mauriz, J. L.; Collado, P. S.; Veneroso, C.; Reiter, R. J.; González‐Gallego, J. A Review of the Molecular Aspects of Melatonin’s Anti‐inflammatory Actions: Recent Insights and New Perspectives. J Pineal Res 2013, 54, 1–14.
Wang, F.; Tian, X.; Zhang, L.; Tan, D.; Reiter, R.J.; Liu, G. Melatonin Promotes the in Vitro Development of Pronuclear Embryos and Increases the Efficiency of Blastocyst Implantation in Murine. J Pineal Res 2013, 55, 267–274.
Kumar, A.; Mehrotra, S.; Singh, G.; Narayanan, K.; Das, G. K.; Soni, Y. K.; Singh, M.; Mahla, A. S.; Srivastava, N.; Verma, M. R. Sustained Delivery of Exogenous Melatonin Influences Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Total Antioxidant Capacity in Summer-Stressed Anestrous Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis). Theriogenology 2015, 83, 1402–1407.
Ramadan, T. A.; Kumar, D.; Ghuman, S. S.; Singh, I. Melatonin-Improved Buffalo Semen Quality during Nonbreeding Season under Tropical Condition. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019, 68, 119–125.
Thakur, M.; Bhargava, S.; Dixit, V. K. Immunomodulatory Activity of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Sant. F. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2007, 4, 419–423.
Visavadiya, N. P.; Soni, B.; Dalwadi, N.; Madamwar, D. Chlorophytum Borivilianum as Potential Terminator of Free Radicals in Various in Vitro Oxidation Systems. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010, 33, 173–182.
Ahmad, S. R.; Kishan, P.; Abul, K. In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Chlorophytum Borivilianum (Santapau & Fernandez). World Journal Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014, 3, 937–947.
Deore, S. L.; Khadabadi, S. S. Screening of Antistress Properties of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Tuber. Pharmacologyonline 2009, 1, 320–328.
Devi, P.; Singh, M.; Mehla, R.; HM, A. Effect of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Supplementation on Milk Production, Composition and Fatty Acid Profile in Crossbred Cows during Hot-Humid Season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021, 53, 300.
Devi, P.; Singh, M.; Somagond, Y. M.; Aggarwal, A. Alleviation of Heat Stress by Chlorophytum Borivilianum: Impact on Stress Markers, Antioxidant, and Immune Status in Crossbred Cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021, 53, 351.
