The Perspective of Using Essential Oils in Swine: review
Keywords:
essential oils, swine, chemical composition, biological effects, nutrition, action on pathogenic microorganismsAbstract
In animal husbandry, the improper and excessive use of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to their action. Over the past decades, the search for alternative strategies to antibiotics has received increasing attention. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils have made them viable alternatives in livestock production. Numerous researchers have investigated these natural compounds as potential substitutes for conventional antibiotics or as preventive measures against diseases in farm animals, including swine. However, in this species, research outcomes regarding the use of essential oils in both in vitro and in vivo (on-farm) conditions have been inconsistent. This variability is primarily due to differences in oil composition, purity, dosage, growth phases, and husbandry conditions. Some authors suggest that essential oils such as oregano, thyme, clove, or mint can improve the overall health status of pigs through their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Other studies have highlighted their beneficial effects on gut microbiota balance, notably by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and promoting beneficial microbial populations. Positive impacts on zootechnical performance have also been reported, including improved feed conversion efficiency and average daily gain. Additionally, certain studies point to a significant role in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing immune responses. The volatile and lipophilic nature of essential oils presents a challenge in ensuring their effective delivery to the pig intestine; however, this issue may be partially addressed through microencapsulation and nanotechnology. This review aims to assess how essential oils are currently used in swine feeding strategies and/or treatment protocols, focusing on their mechanisms of action as demonstrated by existing research.
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