Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture in Freshwater Systems in the Context of the Circular Economy – a Review
Keywords:
circular economy, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, recirculating aquaculture systemAbstract
Aquaculture is among the fastest-growing industries worldwide, playing a key role in feeding a continuously expanding global population. This accelerated development calls for the adoption of innovative technologies, efficient culture systems, and sustainable production practices. In this context, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are considered a strategic solution for meeting the increasing demand for aquatic products, thanks to their capacity to optimize resource use and reduce environmental pressure. Additionally, the integration of new and adaptable species into Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) or aquaponic systems, especially in freshwater environments, significantly enhances the efficiency and sustainability of modern aquaculture. Integrating IMTA into RAS enables efficient water use, more rigorous biosecurity control, and a significant reduction in nutrient emissions. Moreover, incorporating hydroponic components enhances the benefits of these systems by allowing the cultivation of edible plants that utilize residual nutrients and contribute to strengthening the circular nature of the system. Through resource valorization, waste reduction, and production diversification, IMTA emerges as a key model for modern, sustainable, and responsible aquaculture, with a positive impact on ecosystem health and global food security. This review synthesizes the most recent research on IMTA, highlighting its potential in the transition towards sustainable aquaculture, in full alignment with the principles of the circular economy. IMTA involves the co-cultivation of species from different trophic levels within a system that transforms organic and inorganic waste into valuable resources for other cultured organisms. This model optimizes nutrient use, reduces environmental impact, and diversifies production, while also offering additional economic opportunities.
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