Alternative Protein Sources Used in Broiler Chicken Diets in Nigeria and Romania: a Review
Keywords:
animal/plant protein, anti-nutritional factors, broiler, nutritional quality, environmental impactAbstract
Alternative protein ingredients of plant and animal origin used today in broiler chicken feed, can only be done partially to partly substitute soya bean meal in order to sustain production. Protein alternatives from various studies conducted in Romania and Nigeria have indicated that SBM and fish meal (FM) are the main conventional protein ingredients used. In Romania, in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2017/893, the use of processed animal proteins (PAP), including fish meal, is permitted in poultry and pig feed, provided that safety standards are met. Faced with many challenges, their utilization has gradually declined due high cost and competition as food for humans. More attention is tilted to use of non-conventional plant and animal alternative ingredients like roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seed cake (RSC), baobab seed cake (BSC) and palm kernel seed cake commonly used in Nigeria, while peas, sunflower cake (SFC) and are commonly used in Romania. Others include insect and worm meals (grasshopper, black soldier ant and maggot meal) and corn gluten. Dietary inclusion levels from 0.1-20% in some cases of their incorporation into broiler chicken diets was reported to have a significant impact on weight gain, live weight, carcass, meat quality and health status of birds. In conclusion, Romania has numerous legume grain alternatives compared to Nigeria where most alternatives are grain/seed and their by-products, industrial and farm waste. Therefore, farmers can partly substitute SBM with alternative feed ingredients in both countries to reduce production cost and increase profit.
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