Education as a Pillar of Defining Human Capital. Implications of the Academic Environment
Keywords:
Academic Ecosystem Management, Education, Human CapitalAbstract
In contemporary policy discussions on higher education, the idea that this environment is in danger of becoming isolated from the world, ignoring the wishes and needs of society at large, is a constant background. From a historical point of view, it is mostly true that the academic spectrum has been rather impermeable in both directions: the knowledge generated and transmitted within it was very little based on the outside world and less concerned with its application to the problems of the outside world. In the globalised world of the 21st century, this kind of impermeability is no longer possible. The expansion of higher education systems in all regions has brought new socio-economic groups into the educational environment, with a greater diversity of cultures, levels of academic preparation, and expectations. In order to gain a better insight into the topic, we used an examination approach by overlaying information from different sources of exploration and analyzing the level of comparability over time. This paper examined the main characteristics of education as a pillar for defining human capital and its effects on academia. The findings are explained in the conclusion section, but it is mandatory to specify one conclusion regarding the fact that the costs of academic expansion have also led to increased pressure from governments to justify state funding, a justification that is usually couched in terms of direct and measurable social and economic impact.
References
De Ferranti, D., Perry, G., Gill, I., Guasch, J., Maloney, W., Sanchez-Paramo, C., Schady, N., 2003. Closing the Gap in Education and Technology. World Bank, Washington.
Collins, C.S., 2012. Land-grant extension as a global endeavor: connecting knowledge and international development. The Review of Higher Education 36, 1, 91–124.
Schendel, R., McCowan, T., 2015. Higher education and development: critical issues and debates. In: McCowan, T. and Unterhalter, E. (Eds.) Education and International Development: An Introduction. Bloomsbury, London.
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., Schendel, R., 2014. The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development: A Rigorous Literature Review. Department for International Development, London.
Lulat, Y., 2005. A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present. Praeger, London.
Rist, G., 2008. The History of Development. International Journal of Educational Development, Third Edition, 28, 3, 320–339, Zed, London.
Yesufu, T., 1973. Creating the African University. Association of African Universities, Ibadan.
Rolleston, C., Oketch, M., 2008. Educational expansion around the world: economic assumptions and expectations, Journal of Development Studies 48, 11, 1629–1648.
Lucas, R., 1988. On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 1, 3–42.
Pillay, P., 2011. Higher Education and Economic Development: Literature Review. Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Schultz, T.P., 2004. Social value of research and technical skills: does it justify investment in higher education for development? Journal of Higher Education in Africa 2, 1, 92–134.
Smith, C., 2010. “Distance learning” or “learning at a distance”? Case study of an education initiative to deliver an in-service bachelors degree in Zambia. Innovations in Education and Teaching International 47, 2, 223–233.
Dagenais, H., Binh, D., Currie, D., 2010. Enhancing capacities to engender research for sustainable development in Vietnam, 1999–2009. Gender Technology and Development 14, 1, 89–101.
Keller, K., 2006. Investment in primary, secondary, and higher education and the effects on economic growth. Contemporary Economic Policy 24, 1, 18–34.
McMahon, W., 2009. Higher Learning, Greater Good. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Fonkeng, G., Ntembe, A., 2009. Higher education and global economic development, Educational Research and Review 4, 5, 231–246.
Marginson, S., 2011. Higher education and public good. Higher Education Quarterly 65, 4, 411– 433.
Psacharopoulos, G., Patrinos, H., 2004. Returns to investment in education: a further update. Education Economics 12, 2, 111–134
Teal, F., 2011. Higher education and economic development in Africa: a review of channels and interactions. Journal of African Economies 20, AERC Supplement 3, 50-79.
Meyer, H.-D., St. John, E., Chankseliani, M., Uribe, L., 2013. The crisis of higher education access: a crisis of justice. In: Meyer, H.-D., St. John, E., Chankseliani, M. and Uribe, L. (Eds.) Fairness in Access to Higher Education in a Global Perspective. Sense, Rotterdam.
Nsowah-Nuamah, N., Teal, F., Awoonor-Williams, M., 2012. Jobs, skills and incomes in Ghana: how was poverty halved? Comparative Education 48, 2, 231–248.
McMahon, W., Oketch, M., 2013. Education’s effects on individual life chances and on development: an overview. British Journal of Educational Studies 61, 1, 79–107.
Keller, K., 2006. Investment in primary, secondary, and higher education and the effects on economic growth. Contemporary Economic Policy 24, 1, 18–34.
Urdal, H., 2006. A clash of generations? Youth bulges and political violence. International Studies Quarterly 50, 3, 607–629.
Malik, S., Courtney, K., 2011. Higher education and women’s empowerment in Pakistan. Gender and Education 23, 1, 29–45.
Luescher-Mamashela, T., Kiiru, S., Mattes, R., Mwollo-ntallima, A., Ng’ethe, N., Romo, M., 2011. The University in Africa and Democratic Citizenship: Hothouse or Training Ground? Centre for Higher Education Transformation, Cape Town.
Tilak, J., 2010. Higher education, poverty and development. Higher Education Review 42, 2, 23–45.
Singh, R., Thind, S., Jaswal, S., 2006. Assessment of marital adjustment among couples with respect to women’s educational level and employment status. Anthropologist 8, 4, 259–266.
Singh, R., Thind, S., Jaswal, S., 2006. Assessment of marital adjustment among couples with respect to women’s educational level and employment status. Anthropologist 8, 4, 259–266.