Chemical Methods for the Determination of Soluble and Insoluble Non-Starch Polysaccharides - Review
Keywords:
enzymatic chemical methods, enzymatic gravimetric methods, non-starch polysaccharidesAbstract
Polysaccharides are macromolecules of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are principally non-α-glucan polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. They are a heterogeneous group of polysaccharides with varying degrees of water solubility, size, and structure. The water insoluble fiber fraction include cellulose, galactomannans, xylans, xyloglucans, and lignin, while the water-soluble fibers are the pectins, arabinogalactans, arabinoxylans, and β-(1,3)(1,4)-D-glucans (β-glucans). Both the enzymatic-gravimetric and enzymatic-chemical methods used for the determination of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides have undergone a number of modifications and improvements, most occurring over the last 20 years.
References
Caprita, R., Caprita, A., and Julean, C., Biochemical Aspects of Non-Starch Polysaccharides, Scientific Papers: Animal Sciences and Biotechnologies, 2010, 43(1), 368-374
Lineback, D. R., and Rasper, V. F., Wheat carbohydrates. In: Wheat: Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 1, Y. Pomeranz (ed.), Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, 1988, pp. 277-371
Mares, D. J., and Stone, B. A., Studies on wheat endosperm. II. Properties of the wall components and studies on their organization in the wall, Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 1973, 26, 813-830
Henry, R. J., A comparison of the non-starch carbohydrates in cereal grains, Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture, 1985, 36, 1243–1253
Bacic, A., and Stone, B. A., Isolation and ultrastructure of aleurone cell walls from wheat and barley, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1981(8), 453-474
Bacic, A., and Stone, B. A., Chemistry and organization of aleurone cell wall components from wheat and barley, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1981(8), 475-495
Selvendran, R. R., The plant cell wall as a source of dietary fibre: chemistry and structure, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1984, 39, 320-337
Henneberg, W., and Stohmann, F., Beiträge zur Begründung einer rationellen Fütterung der Wiederkäuer, Braunschweig, Germany, 1860, vol. 1
Henneberg, W., and Stohmann, F., Über das Erhaltungsfutter volljährigen Rindviehs, J. Landwirtsch, 1859, 3, 485–551
Van Soest, P., Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. I. Preparation of fiber residues of low nitrogen content, Journal of the Official Agricultural Chemists, 1963a, 46, 825–829
Van Soest, P., Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. II. A rapid method for the determination of fiber and lignin, Journal of the Official Agricultural Chemists, 1963b, 46, 829–835
Van Soest, P., and Wine, R. H., Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. IV. Determination of plant cell wall constituents, Journal of the Official Agricultural Chemists, 1967, 50, 50–55
Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., and Lewis, B. A., Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition, Journal of Dairy Science, 1991, 74, 3583–3597
Hindrichsen, I. K., Kreuzer, M., Madsen, J., and Bach Knudsen, K. E., Fiber and lignin analysis in concentrate, forage, and feces: detergent versus enzymatic-chemical method, Journal of Dairy Science, 2000, 89, 2168–2176
Kondo, T., Mizuno, K., and Kato, T., Variation in solubilities of lignin in acid detergent and in alkali, J. Jpn. Grassl. Sci., 1987, 33, 296–299
Robertson, J. B., and Horvath, P. J., Detergent analysis of foods. In: CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition, third ed., G.A. Spiller (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2001, pp. 63–66
Bach Knudsen, K. E., The nutritional significance of "dietary fiber" analysis, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001, 90, 3–20
Schaller, D. A., Analysis of dietary fiber, Food Production and Development, 1976, 11, 70–72
Mongeau, R., and Brassard, R., A rapid method for the determination of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber: Comparison with AOAC total dietary fiber procedure and Englyst’s method, Journal of Food Science, 1986, 51, 1333–1336
Mongeau, R., and Brassard, R., Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber: Collaborative study of rapid gravimetric method, Cereal Foods World, 1990, 35, 319–325
Englyst, H. N., and Cummings, J. H., Improved method for measurement of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1988, 71, 808- 814
Englyst, H. N, and Hudson, G. J., Colorimetric method for routine measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides. A comparison with gas-liquid chromatography, Food Chemistry, 1987, 24, 63-76
Prosky, L., Asp, N.-G., Furda, I., De Vries, J. W., Schweizer, T. F., and Harland, B., The determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products: collaboratory study, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1985, 68, 677-679
Englyst, H. N., Classification and measurement of plant polysaccharides, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1989, 23, 27-42
Cummings, J. H., and Englyst, H. N., Complex carbohydrates. In: The Contribution of Nutrition to Human and Animal Health. E.M. Widdowson, J.C. Mathers (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992, pp.125-138
Furda, I., Fractionation and examination of biopolymers from dietary fiber, Cereal Foods World, 1977, 22, 252–254
Furda, I., Simultaneous analysis of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. In: The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food, W.P.T. James, O. Theander (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981, pp. 163–172
Schweizer, T. F., and Würsch, P., Analysis of dietary fibre, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1979, 30, 613–619
Schweizer, T. F., and Würsch, P., Analysis of dietary fiber. In: The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food, W.P.T. James, O. Theander (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981, pp. 203–216.
Asp, N.-G., Johansson, C.-G., Hallmer, H., and Siljeström, M., Rapid enzymatic assay of insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1983, 31, 476–482
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2000, Method 985.29 for dietary fibre
Lee, S., Prosky, L., and De Vries, J., Determination of total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber in foods: Enzymatic-gravimetric method, MES-TRIS buffer: Collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1992, 75, 395–416
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2000, Method 991.43 for soluble and insoluble dietary fibre.
Prosky, L., Asp, N.-G., Schweizer, T.F., DeVries, J.W., and Furda, I., Determination of insoluble soluble and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: inter-laboratory study, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1988, 71, 1017-1023
Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA., 1990
Jeraci, J. L., Lewis, B. A., Van Soest, P. J., and Robertson, J. B., New urea enzymatic dialysis procedure for total dietary fiber, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1989, 72, 677-681
Asp, N.-G., Schweizer, T. F., Southgate, D. A. T., and Theander, O., Dietary fibre analysis. In: Dietary Fibre – A Component of Food: Nutritional Function in Health and Disease., T.F. Schweizer and C. A. Edwards (eds.), Springer Verlag, London, UK, 1992, pp. 57-102.
Southgate, D. A. T., Dietary Fibre Analysis. In: RSC Food Analysis Monographs, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK., 1995
Bach Knudsen, K. E., Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997, 67, 319-338
Theander, O., and Westerlund, E., Quantitative analysis of cell wall components. In: Forage Cell Wall Structure and Digestibility. H. G. Jung, D. R. Buxton, R. D. Hatfield, and J. Ralph (eds.), American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, 1993, pp. 83–104
Jung, H. G., Mertens, D. R., and Payne, A. J., Correlation of acid detergent lignin and Klason lignin with digestibility of forage dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, Journal of Dairy Science, 1997, 80, 1622-1628
Jung, H. G., Varel, V. H., Weimer, P. J., and Ralph, J., Accuracy of Klason lignin and acid detergent lignin methods as assessed by bomb calorimetry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1999, 47, 2005-2008
Campbell, J. M., Flickinger, E. A., and Fahey Jr., G. C., A comparative study of dietary fiber methodologies using pulsed electrochemical detection of monosaccharide constituents, Sem. Food Analysis, 1997, 2, 43-53
Miron, J., Yosef, E., and Ben-Ghedalia, D., Composition and in vitro digestibility of monosaccharide constituents of selected byproduct feeds, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001, 49, 2322-2326
Southgate, D. A. T., Determination of carbohydrates in foods. II. Unavailable carbohydrates, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1969, 20, 331-335
Paul, A. A., and Southgate, D. A. T., McCance and Widdowson's: The Composition of Foods, 4th edition, HMSO, London, 1978
Englyst, H. N., Wiggins, H. S., and Cummings, J. H., Determination of the non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods by gas-liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as the alditol acetales, Analyst, 1982, 107, 307-318
McCance, R. A., Widdowson, E. M., and Shackleton, L. R. B., The nutritive value of fruits, vegetables and nuts, MRC Special Report Series, No. 213, HMSO, London, 1936
Englyst, H. N., and Cummings, J. H., Simplified method for the measurement of total non-starch polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography of constituent sugars as alditol acetates, Analyst, 1984, 109, 937-942
Englyst, H. N., Kingman, S. M., and Cummings, J. H., Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1992, 46, S33-S50
Englyst, H. N., Quigley, M. E., Hudson, G. J., and Cummings, J. H., Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography, Analyst, 1992, 117, 1707-1714
Englyst, H. N., Quigley, M. E., and Hudson, G. J., Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides with gas-liquid chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars, Analyst, 1994, 119, 1497-1509
Quigley, M. E., and Englyst, H. N., Determination of the uronic acid constituents of non-starch polysaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, Analyst, 1994, 119, 1511-1518
Theander, O., Åman, P., Westerlund, E., and Graham, H., Enzymatic/chemical analysis of dietary fiber, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1994, 77, 703-709
Goering, H. K., and Van Soest, P. J., Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures, and some applications). In: Agriculture Handbook No. 379, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1970, pp. 1-20
Theander, O., Åman, P., Westerlund, E., Andersson, R., and Pettersson, D., Total dietary fiber determined as neutral sugar residues, uronic acid residues, and Klason lignin (the Uppsala method): collaborative study, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1995, 78, 1030-1044
Gordon, T. D., and Ohkuma, K., Determination of total dietary fiber in selected foods containing resistant maltodextrin by enzymatic-gravimetric method and liquid chromatography: collaborative study, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2002, 85, 435-444
Li, B. W. and Cardozo, M. S., Determination of total dietary fiber in foods or products with little or no starch, nonenzymatic-gravimetric method: collaborative study, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1994, 77, 687-689
McCleary, B.V., Murphy, A., and Mugford, D., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2000, 83, 356–364
Mongeau, R., and Brassard, R., Enzymatic-gravimetric determination in foods of dietary fibre as sum of insoluble and soluble fibre fractions: summary of collaborative study, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1993, 76, 923-925
AOAC Method 991.42. Insoluble dietary fiber in foods and food products. Enzymatic-gravimetric method, phosphate buffer. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15 ed., 3rd supl. The Association: Arlington, VA, 1992
Prosky, L., Asp, N. G., Furda, I., Schweizer, T. F., De Vries, J. W., Furda, I., and Lee, S., 1994. Determination of soluble dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1994, 77, 690-694
Quigley, M. E., and Englyst, H. N., 1992. Determination of neutral sugars and hexosamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, Analyst, 1992, 117, 1715-1718
Theander, O., and Åman, P., Studies on dietary fiber. I. Analysis and chemical characterization of water soluble and water insoluble dietary fibers. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 1979, 9, 97-106
Theander, O., and Westerlund, E. A., Studies on dietary fiber. 3. Improved procedures for analysis of dietary fiber, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1986, 34, 330-336
