STRATEGIES TO CONTROL BLOWFLY STRIKES
Keywords:
blowfly strikes, control, strategiesAbstract
Blowfly strike is a common illness of sheep flocks worldwide. In Northern
hemisphere is due to Lucilia sericata, and in Southern hemisphere L. cuprina is
involved. This paper presents some aspects concerning current and future strategies
to control flystrikes. Current control strategies refer to general management
practices, selection of naturally resistant sheep, insecticide use and the use of baits
and traps, respectively. The future strategies comprise vaccination strategies against
blowfly larvae and fleece rot, sterile male release, use of Bacillus thuringiensis
toxins, use of new insecticides, and biological control, respectively.
References
Broughan, J.M., Wall, R., 2006 - Control of sheep blowfly strike using
fly-traps. Vet. Parasitol., 135, 57-63.
Burrell, D.H., MacDiarmid, J.A., 1983 – The role of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in pathogenesis of fleece rot and indirect control of body strike
by immunization. In: Second National Symposium on Sheep Blowfly and
Flystrike in Sheep (Edited by Raadsma H.W.). New South Wales
Department of Agriculture, Sydney.
Casu, R.E., Pearson, R.D., Jarmey, J.M., Cadogan, L.C., Riding, G.A.,
Tellam, R.L., 1994 – Excretory/secretory chymotrypsin from Lucilia
cuprina: purification, enzymatic specificity, and amino acid sequence
deduced from mRNA. Insect Mol. Biol., 3, 201-211.
Cooper, D., 1994 – Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and mode of action. Agr.
Ecosyst. Environ., 49, 21-26.
Dymock, J.J., Forgie, S.A., 1995 - Large-scale trapping of sheep
blowflies in the northern North-Island of New Zealand using insecticidefree traps. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 35, 699–704.
East, I.J., Fitzgerald, C.J., Pearson, R.D., Donaldson, R.A., Vuocolo,
T., Cadogan, L.C., Tellam, R.L., 1993 – Lucilia cuprina: inhibition of
larval growth induced by immunization of host sheep with extracts of larval
peritrophic membrane. Int. J. Parasitol., 23, 221-229.
Elvin, C.M., Vuocolo, T., Pearson, R.D., East, I., Riding, G.A., Eisemann,
C.H., Tellam, R.L., 1996 – Characterizations of a major peritrophic membrane
protein, peritrophin-44, from the larvae of Lucilia cuprina. cDNA and deduced
amino acid sequences. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 8925-8935.
Farkas, R., Gyurcso, A., Borzsonyi, L., 2003 - Fly larvicidal activity in the
faeces of cattle and pigs treated with endectocide products. Med. Vet. Entomol.,
, 301-306.
Floate, K.D., Spooner, R.W., Colwell, D.D., 2001 - Larvicidal activity of
endectocides against pest flies in the dung of treated cattle. Med. Vet. Entomol.,
, 117–120.
Graf, J.F., 1993 – The role of insect growth regulators in arthropod control.
Parasitol. Today, 9, 471-474.
Hall, I.M., Wall, R., 1995 – Myiasis of human and domestic animals. Adv.
Parasitol., 35, 257-334.
Hart, R.J., Cavey, W.A., Ryan, K.J., Strong, M.B., Moore, B., Thomas, P.L.,
Boray, J.C., Von Orelli, M., 1982 – CGA-72662 – A new sheep blowfly
insecticide. Aust. Vet. J., 59, 104-109.
James, P.J., Mitchell, H.K., Cockrum, K.S., Ancell, P.M.C., 1994 – Controlled
release insecticide devices for protection of sheep against head strike caused by
Lucilia cuprina. Vet. Parasitol., 52, 113-128.
Kotze, A.C., Sales, N., 1994 – Cross resistance spectra and effects of synergists in
insecticide-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bull.
Entomol. Res., 84, 355-360.
Levot, G.W., 1993 – Insecticide resistance: new developments and future options
for fly and lice control on sheep. Wool Tech. Sheep Breed., 41, 108-119.
Levot, G.W., Sales, N., 2004 - Insect growth regulator cross resistance studies in
field- and laboratory-selected strains of the Australian blowfly, Lucilia cuprina
(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Aust. J. Entomol. 43, 374–377.
Lonsdale, B., Schmid, H.R., Junquera, P., 2000 - Prevention of blowfly strike
on lambs with the insect growth regulator dicyclanil. Vet. Rec. 147.
Lyness, E.W., Pinnock, D.J., Cooper, D.J., 1994 – Microbial ecology of sheep
fleece. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 49, 103-112.
McGuirk, B.J., Atkins, K.D., Kowal, E., Thornberry, K., 1978 – Breeding for
resistance to fleece-rot and body strike. Trangie programme. Wool Tech. Sheep
Breed., 26, 17-24.
O’Meara, N.J., Nesa, M., Raadsma, H.W., Saville, D.G., Sandeman, R.M.,
– Variation in the skin inflammatory response between sheep bred for
resistance or susceptibility to fleece-rot and flystrike. Res. Vet. Sci., 52, 205-210.
Porter, A.G., 1996 – Mosquitocidal toxins, genes and bacteria: the hit squad.
Parasitol. Today., 12, 175-178.
Raadsma, H.W., 1987 – Flystrike control, an overview of management and
breeding options. Wool Tech. Sheep Breed., 35, 174-186.
Sandeman, R.M., 1990 – Prospects for the control of sheep blowfly strike by
vaccination. Int. J. Parasitol., 20, 537-541.
Scholtz, A.J., Cloete, S.W.P., Laubscer, J.M., de Beer, E.F., 2000 - A
preliminary evaluation of a sheep blowfly trap in the Western Cape. J. S. Afr. Vet.
Assoc. 71, 144–147.
Seaton, D.S., O’Meara, T.J., Chandler, R.A., Sandeman, R.M., 1992 – The
sheep antibody response to repeated infection with Lucilia cuprina. Int. J.
Parasitol., 22, 1169-1174.
Shanahan, G.J., 1964 – The sheep blowfly and the Australian pastoral industry.
The Agri. Gaz., 75, 946-951.
Skelly, P.J., Howles, A.J., 1987 – The humoral immune response of sheep to
antigens from larvae of the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina). Int. J. Parasitol., 17,
-1087.
Smallridge, C.J., Cooper, D.J., Pinnock, D.E., 1995 – The effect of the
microsporidium Octosporea muscaedomesticae on adult Lucilia cuprina (Diptera:
Calliphoridae). J. Invert. Pathol., 66, 196-197.
Smith, K.E., Wall, R., 1998 - Suppression of the blowfly Lucilia sericata using
odour-baited triflumuron-impregnated targets. Med. Vet. Entomol. 12, 430–437.
Snoep, J.J., Sol, J., Sampimon, O.C., Roeters, N., Elbers, A.R.W., Scholten,
H.W., Borgsteede, F.H.M., 2002 - Myiasis in sheep in the Netherlands. Vet.
Parasitol., 106, 357–363.
Taylor, R., 1995 – Improving treatment for lice control. Rural Res., 168, 13-15.
Tellam, R.L., 1996 – The peritrophic membrane. In: The insect midgut
(Billingsley and Lehane Ed.). Chapman and Hall, London.
Tellam, R.L., Bowles, V.M., 1997 – Control of blowfly strike in sheep: current
strategies and future prospects. Int. J. Parasitol., 27, 3, 261-273.
Vale, G.A., Hargrove, J.W., Cockbill, G.F., Phelps, R.J., 1986 - Field trials of
baits to control populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G.
pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinindae). Bull. Ent. Res., 76, 179–193.
Ward, M.P., 2001 - A postal survey of blowfly strike occurrence in two
Queensland shires. Aust. Vet. J., 79, 769–772.
Ward, M.P., Farrell, R., 2003 - Sheep blowfly strike reduction using a synthetic
lure system. Prev. Vet. Med., 59, 21–26.
Wardhaugh, K.G., Dallwitz, R., 1984 - Covert flystrike. Wool. Tech. Sheep, 32,
–19.
Wardhaugh, K.G., Morton, R., 1990 - The incidence of flystrike in sheep in
relation to weather conditions, sheep husbandry, and the abundance of the
Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).
Aust. J. Agric. Res., 41, 1155–1167.
Willadsen, P., Eisemann, C.H., Tellam, T.L., 1993 – “Concealed” antigens:
expanding the range of immunological targets. Parasitol. Today, 9, 132-135.